
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                              & $t-5$         & $t$           & $t+5$         & $t+10$        & $t-5$         & $t$           & $t+5$         & $t+10$ \\   
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity          & 0.119         & 1.338$^{***}$ & 0.797$^{***}$ & 0.112         & -0.015        & 0.099$^{***}$ & 0.142$^{***}$ & -0.009\\   
                              & (0.129)       & (0.174)       & (0.120)       & (0.205)       & (0.023)       & (0.018)       & (0.023)       & (0.032)\\   
   Population                 & 0.222         & 0.736$^{***}$ & -0.081        & -0.164        & 0.049         & 0.099$^{***}$ & -0.110$^{*}$  & 0.011\\   
                              & (0.186)       & (0.189)       & (0.169)       & (0.233)       & (0.030)       & (0.029)       & (0.062)       & (0.034)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.077         & 0.939$^{***}$ & 0.566$^{***}$ & 0.049         & -0.025        & 0.061$^{***}$ & 0.107$^{***}$ & 0.000\\   
                               & (0.127)       & (0.236)       & (0.127)       & (0.143)       & (0.022)       & (0.019)       & (0.025)       & (0.017)\\   
   Predicted population        & 0.140         & 0.205         & -0.125        & 0.006         & 0.019         & 0.051         & -0.019        & 0.011\\   
                               & (0.131)       & (0.205)       & (0.127)       & (0.155)       & (0.024)       & (0.035)       & (0.041)       & (0.027)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                     & 0.154         & 1.392$^{***}$ & 0.784$^{***}$ & 0.073         & -0.035        & 0.101$^{***}$ & 0.149$^{***}$ & 0.003\\   
                                         & (0.205)       & (0.191)       & (0.138)       & (0.188)       & (0.032)       & (0.019)       & (0.024)       & (0.021)\\   
   Population                            & 0.358         & 0.731$^{***}$ & 0.080         & 0.039         & 0.038         & 0.118$^{**}$  & 0.025         & 0.023\\   
                                         & (0.297)       & (0.236)       & (0.248)       & (0.294)       & (0.058)       & (0.054)       & (0.081)       & (0.056)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 91; 22        & 149; 29       & 132; 12       & 135; 15       & 91; 22        & 149; 29       & 132; 12       & 135; 15\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.639$^{***}$     & 0.729$^{***}$     & 0.730$^{***}$     & 0.719$^{***}$     & -0.061        & -0.103$^{**}$ & -0.074        & -0.088$^{*}$  \\
                               & (0.089)           & (0.074)           & (0.082)           & (0.077)           & (0.038)       & (0.041)       & (0.047)       & (0.045)       \\
   Predicted population        & -0.079            & -0.142$^{**}$     & -0.205$^{**}$     & -0.164$^{**}$     & 0.426$^{***}$ & 0.550$^{***}$ & 0.447$^{***}$ & 0.476$^{***}$ \\
                               & (0.067)           & (0.063)           & (0.079)           & (0.072)           & (0.104)       & (0.107)       & (0.131)       & (0.127)       \\
    \\
   County fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends    & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 16,488        & 21,984        & 16,488        & 16,488        & 16,488        & 21,984        & 16,488        & 16,488\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


